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   生產和生活最常見的(de)(de)鉛蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，可(ke)將電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)通過化學反應儲(chu)藏(zang)起來(lai)，到另一(yi)個場(chang)合或另一(yi)時段使(shi)用。鉛蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)雖然造價較低，但也(ye)(ye)有(you)(you)相(xiang)(xiang)應的(de)(de)弱點(dian)，諸(zhu)如能(neng)(neng)量轉(zhuan)換(huan)效(xiao)率(lv)較低、電(dian)(dian)池(chi)反復充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)易老化導致(zhi)使(shi)用壽命短(duan)、比(bi)能(neng)(neng)量（Wh/kg）和比(bi)功率(lv)（W/kg）小使(shi)設備笨(ben)重、充電(dian)(dian)時間長等；現(xian)在我(wo)們(men)在手(shou)機(ji)上使(shi)用的(de)(de)鋰離子電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，雖然也(ye)(ye)有(you)(you)許多優點(dian)，但它價格昂貴且儲(chu)藏(zang)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)有(you)(you)限，不能(neng)(neng)在大功率(lv)場(chang)合下使(shi)用；所(suo)以正在開發研制(zhi)的(de)(de)超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)容電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，相(xiang)(xiang)比(bi)較而言(yan)，就有(you)(you)著一(yi)般電(dian)(dian)池(chi)無(wu)可(ke)比(bi)擬的(de)(de)優點(dian)，它的(de)(de)前景(jing)不可(ke)限量。

    結構

    超級電(dian)容(rong)(rong)的(de)容(rong)(rong)量比通(tong)常的(de)電(dian)容(rong)(rong)器大(da)得多。由(you)于其容(rong)(rong)量很大(da)，對外(wai)表現和電(dian)池(chi)(chi)相同，因此也稱作“電(dian)容(rong)(rong)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)”或說“黃金電(dian)池(chi)(chi)”。超級電(dian)容(rong)(rong)器電(dian)池(chi)(chi)也屬于雙電(dian)層電(dian)容(rong)(rong)器,它(ta)是目前世界上已投入量產的(de)雙電(dian)層電(dian)容(rong)(rong)器中(zhong)容(rong)(rong)量最大(da)的(de)一種,其基本原理(li)和其它(ta)種類的(de)雙電(dian)層電(dian)容(rong)(rong)器一樣,都是利用(yong)活(huo)性(xing)炭多孔電(dian)極(ji)和電(dian)解質組成的(de)雙電(dian)層結構獲(huo)得超大(da)的(de)容(rong)(rong)量。

    傳統物(wu)理電(dian)容(rong)中(zhong)(zhong)儲(chu)(chu)存的(de)(de)電(dian)能(neng)來源于電(dian)荷在(zai)兩(liang)塊極(ji)板(ban)上的(de)(de)分(fen)離,兩(liang)塊極(ji)板(ban)之間為(wei)(wei)真空(相(xiang)對介(jie)(jie)(jie)電(dian)常數為(wei)(wei)1)或一層(ceng)介(jie)(jie)(jie)電(dian)物(wu)質(相(xiang)對介(jie)(jie)(jie)電(dian)常數為(wei)(wei)ε)所隔離,電(dian)容(rong)值為(wei)(wei):C = ε·A / 3.6 πd ·10-6 (μF) 其中(zhong)(zhong)A為(wei)(wei)極(ji)板(ban)面積(ji),d為(wei)(wei)介(jie)(jie)(jie)質厚度。所儲(chu)(chu)存的(de)(de)能(neng)量(liang)為(wei)(wei): E = C (ΔV)2/2，其中(zhong)(zhong)C為(wei)(wei)電(dian)容(rong)值,ΔV為(wei)(wei)極(ji)板(ban)間的(de)(de)電(dian)壓降(jiang).可見,若想獲得較大(da)的(de)(de)電(dian)容(rong)量(liang),儲(chu)(chu)存更(geng)多的(de)(de)能(neng)量(liang),必(bi)須增(zeng)大(da)面積(ji)A或減少介(jie)(jie)(jie)質厚度d，但這個伸縮空間有限，導致它(ta)的(de)(de)儲(chu)(chu)電(dian)量(liang)和儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)量(liang)較小。

    工作原理

    雙(shuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)層(ceng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器中,采用(yong)活性炭材料(liao)制(zhi)作成(cheng)多(duo)孔(kong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji),同時在相(xiang)對(dui)的(de)(de)碳(tan)(tan)多(duo)孔(kong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)之間充填電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質溶液,當(dang)在兩端施加電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)時,相(xiang)對(dui)的(de)(de)多(duo)孔(kong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)上分(fen)別聚(ju)集(ji)(ji)正(zheng)負電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi),而(er)(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質溶液中的(de)(de)正(zheng)負離子(zi)將由(you)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場作用(yong)分(fen)別聚(ju)集(ji)(ji)到(dao)與(yu)正(zheng)負極(ji)板相(xiang)對(dui)的(de)(de)界(jie)面上,從(cong)而(er)(er)形成(cheng)兩個(ge)集(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)層(ceng),相(xiang)當(dang)于(yu)兩個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器串聯(lian),由(you)于(yu)活性碳(tan)(tan)材料(liao)具有≥1200m2/g的(de)(de)超高比表面積(ji)(即獲得了極(ji)大(da)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)面積(ji)A),而(er)(er)且電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液與(yu)多(duo)孔(kong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)間的(de)(de)界(jie)面距離不到(dao)1nm(即獲得了極(ji)小的(de)(de)介質厚(hou)度(du)d),根據前面的(de)(de)計算公(gong)式可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)看(kan)出,這種雙(shuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)層(ceng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器比傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)物理電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容的(de)(de)容值要大(da)很多(duo),比容量(liang)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)提(ti)高100倍以(yi)(yi)(yi)上, 從(cong)而(er)(er)使單(dan)位重(zhong)量(liang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)達100F/g，并(bing)且電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容的(de)(de)內阻還(huan)能保持在很低的(de)(de)水平，碳(tan)(tan)材料(liao)還(huan)具有成(cheng)本低，技術成(cheng)熟等優點。從(cong)而(er)(er)使利用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器進(jin)行大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)的(de)(de)儲能成(cheng)為可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)能，且在實際(ji)使用(yong)時，可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)通過(guo)串聯(lian)或(huo)者(zhe)并(bing)聯(lian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)提(ti)高輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)或(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)。