国产小视频国产精品

首 頁 關于我們 產品中心 新聞中心 人才招聘 聯系我們

新聞中心
電子元器件損壞特性總結(轉)
發表日期:2018-09-28

    一切電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)裝置如(ru)洗(xi)衣機(ji)、冰(bing)箱、空調、計算機(ji)、儀器、儀表(biao)、汽(qi)車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)等(deng)都(dou)是形形色色的(de)(de)(de),不(bu)同(tong)功(gong)能的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路組成。根據張飛第三大定律組成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路的(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)單位是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)元(yuan)器件,這些器件都(dou)是以硬(ying)件的(de)(de)(de)形式(shi)存(cun)在的(de)(de)(de),它們都(dou)有各自的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)參數(shu)(shu)(shu),如(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流及功(gong)率(lv)特(te)性(xing)等(deng),因(yin)此(ci),元(yuan)器件是最易(yi)損(sun)壞(huai)的(de)(de)(de)物品,但其(qi)故障(zhang)卻(que)是有規律可循的(de)(de)(de)。一般的(de)(de)(de)故障(zhang)表(biao)現為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)參數(shu)(shu)(shu)損(sun)壞(huai)和物理損(sun)壞(huai)兩類,那么電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)參數(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)損(sun)壞(huai)又包含電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流超過額定值導致的(de)(de)(de)損(sun)壞(huai),物理的(de)(de)(de)損(sun)壞(huai)包括斷裂,變(bian)形,阻值參數(shu)(shu)(shu)變(bian)化(hua)等(deng)表(biao)現形式(shi)。

一、電(dian)阻損壞的特(te)點

    電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)是電(dian)器設(she)備中數量(liang)最多的(de)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian),但不(bu)是損壞(huai)率最高的(de)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)。電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)損壞(huai)以開路最常見,阻(zu)(zu)(zu)值變大較少見,阻(zu)(zu)(zu)值變小十分(fen)少見。常見的(de)有碳膜電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)、金屬膜電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)、線繞電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)和保險電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)幾種。

    前兩種電阻(zu)應用最廣,其損(sun)壞(huai)的(de)(de)特(te)點:一(yi)是(shi)低(di)阻(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)(100Ω以下(xia))和高阻(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)(100kΩ以上)的(de)(de)損(sun)壞(huai)率較高,中間(jian)阻(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)(如幾百歐到幾十千歐)的(de)(de)極少(shao)損(sun)壞(huai);二是(shi)低(di)阻(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)電阻(zu)損(sun)壞(huai)時往(wang)往(wang)是(shi)燒焦(jiao)發黑,很容易發現,而高阻(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)電阻(zu)損(sun)壞(huai)時很少(shao)有(you)痕跡。

    線(xian)(xian)(xian)繞(rao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)一般用作大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流限流,阻(zu)值不(bu)大(da)。圓柱形線(xian)(xian)(xian)繞(rao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)燒壞時(shi)有(you)(you)的會(hui)(hui)發黑或表面(mian)爆皮(pi)、裂(lie)紋,有(you)(you)的沒(mei)有(you)(you)痕(hen)跡(ji)。水(shui)泥電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)是線(xian)(xian)(xian)繞(rao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)的一種,燒壞時(shi)可能會(hui)(hui)斷裂(lie),否(fou)則也沒(mei)有(you)(you)可見痕(hen)跡(ji)。保(bao)險電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)燒壞時(shi)有(you)(you)的表面(mian)會(hui)(hui)炸掉一塊皮(pi),有(you)(you)的也沒(mei)有(you)(you)什么痕(hen)跡(ji),但絕不(bu)會(hui)(hui)燒焦(jiao)發黑。根據以上特點,在檢查電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)時(shi)可有(you)(you)所側重(zhong),快速找出(chu)損壞的電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)。

二、電解電容(rong)損壞的特點

電解電容(rong)在(zai)電器設備中(zhong)的用量很(hen)大,故(gu)障率很(hen)高。電解電容(rong)損壞(huai)有以(yi)下(xia)幾種表現:

一(yi)是(shi)完全失去容量或容量變小;

二是輕(qing)微或嚴重漏電(dian);

三(san)是失去(qu)容(rong)量或容(rong)量變小兼(jian)有漏電。

查找損(sun)壞的電解電容(rong)方(fang)法有:

(1)看(kan):有(you)(you)的電容(rong)損壞時會(hui)漏液,電容(rong)下(xia)面(mian)的電路板表面(mian)甚(shen)至電容(rong)外表都(dou)會(hui)有(you)(you)一層(ceng)油漬,這種(zhong)(zhong)電容(rong)絕對不能(neng)再用(yong);有(you)(you)的電容(rong)損壞后會(hui)鼓起,這種(zhong)(zhong)電容(rong)也(ye)不能(neng)繼續(xu)使用(yong);

(2)摸:開機(ji)后有(you)些漏電(dian)嚴重(zhong)的電(dian)解(jie)電(dian)容會(hui)發(fa)熱,用手(shou)指觸摸時甚至會(hui)燙手(shou),這種電(dian)容必須更(geng)換(huan);

(3)電(dian)(dian)解電(dian)(dian)容(rong)內(nei)部有電(dian)(dian)解液,長時間(jian)烘烤會使電(dian)(dian)解液變干,導致電(dian)(dian)容(rong)量減(jian)小,所(suo)以要重點(dian)檢查散熱(re)片及大(da)功率元器件附近的電(dian)(dian)容(rong),離其(qi)越近,損壞的可(ke)能性就越大(da)。

三、二(er)極管(guan)、三極管(guan)等半導體器件損(sun)壞的特(te)點(dian)

三極管的損(sun)壞一般是PN結擊穿或開路,其中以擊穿短路居多(duo)。此外還有(you)兩種損(sun)壞表現:

一是熱穩定性變差(cha),表現(xian)為開機(ji)時正(zheng)常(chang),工作一段時間(jian)后(hou),發生軟擊穿;
另一種是(shi)PN結的特性變(bian)差(cha),用萬用表R×1k測(ce),各PN結均正(zheng)常(chang),但上(shang)機后不能正(zheng)常(chang)工作,如(ru)果用R×10或R×1低量程檔測(ce),就會(hui)發現(xian)其PN結正(zheng)向阻值比正(zheng)常(chang)值大。

測量二、三(san)極(ji)管可以用指針(zhen)萬(wan)用表(biao)在路測量,較(jiao)準確的方法(fa)是:

將萬(wan)用(yong)(yong)表(biao)置(zhi)R×10或(huo)R×1檔(一般(ban)用(yong)(yong)R×10檔,不明顯(xian)時(shi)再(zai)用(yong)(yong)R×1檔)在(zai)路(lu)測二(er)(er)、三極管(guan)的PN結(jie)正(zheng)(zheng)、反(fan)向電(dian)(dian)阻,如果正(zheng)(zheng)向電(dian)(dian)阻不太大(相(xiang)對正(zheng)(zheng)常(chang)值),反(fan)向電(dian)(dian)阻足夠大(相(xiang)對正(zheng)(zheng)向值),表(biao)明該PN結(jie)正(zheng)(zheng)常(chang),反(fan)之就值得懷疑,需焊下后再(zai)測。這(zhe)是因(yin)為一般(ban)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)的二(er)(er)、三極管(guan)外圍(wei)電(dian)(dian)阻大多在(zai)幾百、幾千歐以上,用(yong)(yong)萬(wan)用(yong)(yong)表(biao)低(di)阻值檔在(zai)路(lu)測量(liang),可以基本忽略外圍(wei)電(dian)(dian)阻對PN結(jie)電(dian)(dian)阻的影(ying)響(xiang)。

四、集成電路損壞的特點

集(ji)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)路內部(bu)結構復雜,功能(neng)很多,任何一部(bu)分損(sun)壞(huai)(huai)(huai)都無法正(zheng)常(chang)工(gong)作。集(ji)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)路的(de)損(sun)壞(huai)(huai)(huai)也(ye)有兩種:徹(che)(che)底(di)損(sun)壞(huai)(huai)(huai)、熱穩(wen)定(ding)性不良。徹(che)(che)底(di)損(sun)壞(huai)(huai)(huai)時,可(ke)將(jiang)其拆下,與正(zheng)常(chang)同型號集(ji)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)路對(dui)比(bi)測其每一引腳(jiao)對(dui)地的(de)正(zheng)、反向電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻,總能(neng)找到其中一只(zhi)(zhi)或幾只(zhi)(zhi)引腳(jiao)阻值異常(chang)。對(dui)熱穩(wen)定(ding)性差的(de),可(ke)以(yi)在設備(bei)工(gong)作時,用無水酒精冷卻被懷疑的(de)集(ji)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)路,如果故障發(fa)生時間推(tui)遲(chi)或不再發(fa)生故障,即可(ke)判(pan)定(ding)。通常(chang)只(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)更換新集(ji)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)路來排除。

上一條:國產小視頻國產精品:電容電池結構原理(轉)
下一條:國產小視頻國產精品:陶瓷電容或掀新一輪漲價潮 行業龍頭8月營收創新高(轉)

2017 ? 廣州創天電子科技有限公司   版權所有   備案號